16 research outputs found

    Accumulation of intramuscular toxic lipids, a link between fat mass accumulation and sarcopenia☆

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    Aging is characterized by a loss in muscle mass and function, which is defined as sarcopenia. It weakens individuals by increasing the risk of falls and altering their quality of life. The loss of muscle mass results from the age-related impairment of the anabolic effect of nutrients and insulin, which normally increase and decrease muscle protein synthesis and degradation rates respectively. Alterations in muscle protein metabolism have been related to the accumulation of body fat and intramyocellular lipids. In particular, some lipid species such as ceramides or diacylglycerols have been described as inhibitors of the insulin signaling pathway in different models. Accumulation of these molecules in skeletal muscle could result from a lowered buffering capacity of circulating fatty acids by adipose tissue in response to the meal, a reduction of mitochondrial oxidative capacities or chronic inflammation. However, some nutritional strategies have been identified to limit or prevent the accumulation of lipotoxic metabolites and to improve the sensitivity of muscle to nutrients or insulin

    Beneficial role of replacing dietary saturated fatty acids by polyunsaturated fatty acids in prevention of sarcopenia: Findings from the NU-AGE cohort:Findings from the nu‐ age cohort

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    Dietary fat subtypes may play an important role in the regulation of muscle mass and function during ageing. The aim of the present study was to determine the impact of isocaloric macronutrient substitutions, including different fat subtypes, on sarcopenia risk in older men and women, while accounting for physical activity (PA) and metabolic risk. A total of 986 participants, aged 65–79 years, completed a 7‐day food record and wore an accelerometer for a week. A continuous sex‐specific sarcopenia risk score (SRS), including skeletal muscle mass assessed by dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DXA) and handgrip strength, was derived. The impact of the isocaloric replacement of saturated fatty acids (SFAs) by either mono‐ (MUFAs) or poly‐unsaturated (PUFAs) fatty acids on SRS was determined using regression analysis based on the whole sample and stratified by adherence to a recommended protein intake (1.1 g/BW). Isocaloric reduction of SFAs for the benefit of PUFAs was associated with a lower SRS in the whole population, and in those with a protein intake below 1.1 g/BW, after accounting for age, smoking habits, metabolic disturbances, and adherence to PA guidelines. The present study highlighted the potential of promoting healthy diets with optimised fat subtype distribution in the prevention of sarcopenia in older adults

    Analyses lipidomiques de la particule HDL dans la PR : altération de la composition en phospholipides et rôle de l’inflammation

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    National audienceIntroduction La polyarthrite rhumatoïde (PR) est associée à une surmortalité cardiovasculaire (CV) en rapport avec une athérosclérose accélérée en partie expliquée par des perturbations lipidiques induites par l’inflammation. Cependant les données lipidiques quantitatives sont paradoxales et insuffisantes dans cette population pour prédire le risque CV. Une approche qualitative de la composition du HDL, lipoprotéine athéroprotectrice, pourrait permettre d’identifier les fonctions compromises et de dépister les sujets à risque. Le HDL est une particule hétérogène dont la composition lipidique est faite en majorité de phospholipides essentiels à sa structure et ses fonctions. Toute modification de leur composition peut induire une perte de leur fonction ou l’apparition d’un profil proathérogène. L’objectif de cette étude est d’explorer la composition en phospholipides du HDL par une approche lipidomique dans une population de PR et de la comparer à des sujets sains appariés. Patients et méthodes Les sujets PR (critères ACR 2010) traités par DMARDs conventionnels et pour lesquels une premiére biothérapie était indiquée ont été comparés à des témoins sains appariés sur l’âge, le sexe et l’IMC. Les patients avec un traitement hypolipémiant ou une pathologie interférant avec le profil lipidique ont été exclus. Les données démographiques, les caractéristiques de la maladie, le profil cardio-métabolique et les échantillons de plasma ont été recueillis avant mise sous biothérapie. Le HDL total a été isolé à partir de plasma par 2 ultracentrifugations selon un gradient de densité.L’analyse lipidomique des phospholipides a été réalisée par chromatographie liquide couplée à la spectrométrie de masse. La composition en phospholipides entre PR et témoins a été comparée par modèles mixtes en modélisant la variabilité inter et intrapaire et en ajustant sur l’âge, le tabagisme et les corticoïdes. Résultats 19 PR actives (18 femmes, âge 55±11ans, durée d’évolution 6.6±6ans, DAS28CRP 4.6±1.4, CRP 33 mg/l±44) ont été analysées. 80 % recevaient du méthotrexate, 53 % des corticoïdes (<10mg/j pour 80% des PR), 45 % des AINS. L’HTA, la dyslipidémie et le tabagisme étaient significativement plus fréquents chez les PR. 220 espèces phospholipidiques ont été identifiées parmi lesquelles 4 étaient significativement différentes entre les 2 groupes. Une augmentation des lysophosphatidylcholines (LPC) 16:0 (p<0.001) et 18:0 (p<0.001) et une diminution de la phosphatidylcholine (PC) 40:8 (p<0.01) et du phosphatidylglycérol (PG) 38:6 (p=0.04) étaient observées dans le groupe PR. Discussion Les LPC sont issus de l’hydrolyse des PC sous l'action d'enzymes telles que la phospholipase A2 de type II. Cette dernière est augmentée en condition inflammatoire, impliquée dans le processus athérogène et reconnue comme marqueur de risque CV indépendant (1). L’inflammation chronique, par l’activation des phospholipases, est ainsi responsable d'altérations de la structure phospholipidique de la particule HDL pouvant impacter sa fluidité membranaire avec pour risque la perte de ses fonctions antioxydantes et d’efflux du cholestérol essentielles à l’athéroprotection (2). Conclusion La composition phospholipidique du HDL est altérée dans la PR. Elle pourrait expliquer une perte de la fonction protectrice de la particule et l’excès de risque cardiovasculaire observé indépendamment du profil lipidique quantitatif. Ces analyses préliminaires suggèrent un rôle clé de l’inflammation dans ces altération

    Rapeseed oil fortified with micronutrients can reduce glucose intolerance during a high fat challenge in rats

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    Abstract Background Better choices of dietary lipid sources and substitution of refined by fortified oils could reduce the intake of saturated fatty acids (FA) and increase the intake of omega 3 FA concomitantly to healthy bioactive compounds. Methods The development of obesity and metabolic disturbances was explored in rats fed during 11 weeks with a high fat diet (HFD) in which the amount of saturated and polyunsaturated FA was respectively reduced and increased, using rapeseed oil as lipid source. This oil was used in a refined form (R) or fortified (10 fold increase in concentration) with endogenous micronutrients (coenzyme Q10 + tocopherol only (RF) only and also with canolol (RFC)). The effect of substituting palm by rapeseed oil was analysed using a student t test, oil fortification was analysed using ANOVA statistical test. Results Despite a similar weight gain, diets R, RF and RFC improved glucose tolerance (+ 10%) of the rats compared to a standard HFD with palm and sunflower oils as lipid source. Plasma glucose was lowered in RF and RFC groups (− 15 and 23% respectively), although triacylglycerol level was only reduced in group RFC (− 33%) compared to R. The fortification with canolol promoted the activation of Akt and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in skeletal muscle and subcutaneous adipose tissue respectively. Canolol supplementation also led to reduce p38 MAPK activation in skeletal muscle. Conclusions This study suggests that the presence of endogenous micronutrients in rapeseed oil promotes cellular adaptations to reverse glucose intolerance and improve the metabolism of insulin sensitive tissues

    High-Intensity interval training and α-linolenic acid supplementation improve DHA conversion and increase the abundance of gut mucosa-associated oscillospira bacteria

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    International audienceObesity, a major public health problem, is the consequence of an excess of body fat and biological alterations in the adipose tissue. Our aim was to determine whether high-intensity inter-val training (HIIT) and/or α-linolenic acid supplementation (to equilibrate the n-6/n-3 polyunsatu-rated fatty acids (PUFA) ratio) might prevent obesity disorders, particularly by modulating the mu-cosa-associated microbiota. Wistar rats received a low fat diet (LFD; control) or high fat diet (HFD) for 16 weeks to induce obesity. Then, animals in the HFD group were divided in four groups: HFD (control), HFD + linseed oil (LO), HFD + HIIT, HFD + HIIT + LO. In the HIIT groups, rats ran on a treadmill, 4days.week−1. Erythrocyte n-3 PUFA content, body composition, inflammation, and in-testinal mucosa-associated microbiota composition were assessed after 12 weeks. LO supplementa-tion enhanced α-linolenic acid (ALA) to docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) conversion in erythrocytes, and HIIT potentiated this conversion. Compared with HFD, HIIT limited weight gain, fat mass ac-cumulation, and adipocyte size, whereas LO reduced systemic inflammation. HIIT had the main effect on gut microbiota β-diversity, but the HIIT + LO association significantly increased Oscillo-spira relative abundance. In our conditions, HIIT had a major effect on body fat mass, whereas HIIT + LO improved ALA conversion to DHA and increased the abundance of Oscillospira bacteria in the microbiota
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